An antibody is a significant component hosting immune responses to viral pathogens, or other foreign invaders, such as chemicals, toxins, and pollens referred to as antigens. Antibodies can change to be highly specific to viral antigen-binding because of their unique maturation process. When an unknown substance invades the body, the immune system can identify it…
Cytokines and chemokines are referred to as immune-modulating agents that intercede and amend the responses of the system. The term “cytokine” is generated by two different Greek words: “cyto” meaning cell and “kinos” meaning movement. On the other hand, “chemokines” is a family unit of small cytokines, secreted by cells. Cytokines play an important role…
The Biofire Filmarray System is an FDA, TGA, and CE-IVD, certified multiplex PCR system. It assimilates samples for detection, amplification, preparation, and analysis. It is a simple system that only requires a hands-on time of two minutes and a run time of an hour to get the fastest results in assisting hospitalized patients. The Biofire…
What is Nucleic Acid Testing? Nucleic acid amplification or Nucleic acid testing diagnosis is frequently referred to as NAT or NAAT. It is a technique that involves magnification and recognition of genetic material, the nucleic acids, and DNA, or RNA for diagnosis. Although all living beings’ genetic material is composed of RNA or DNA, differences…
What is western blot? Western blotting is also called Protein Immunoblotting because an antibody is mainly used to detect its antigen. It is a widely accepted analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in the given sample. Western blot is generally used in research to separate and identify proteins. This technique separates a mixture of…
Oxidative stress occurs due to an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the protective system’s ability to detoxify these reactive products. It can cause damage to cells and tissues and can lead to chronic inflammation. Long-term oxidative stress can also cause conditions such as diabetes, cancer, and heart disease. What is oxidative stress?…
When a person has an accident or is infected by any disease, and needs a blood transfusion, the doctors don’t give the whole blood. There are different components of blood that are delivered to the patient. This treatment is referred to as blood component therapy. Generally, one or multiple parts of blood are given depending…
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that transfers genetic information in humans and almost all other organisms. Its formulation allows the transfer of genes to an organism’s descendants. Scientists can research and manipulate organisms at a molecular level using DNA. Therefore, the molecular biology approach and applications are at the leading edge for advanced scientific…
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) is an enveloped retrovirus approximately 120 nm in diameter. It contains two copies of a single stranded, positive-sense RNA. HIV-1 (Strain: BaL) HIV-1 p24 Antigen ELISA 2.0 The ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is generally used to detect and quantify antigens and antibodies from human serum or plasma. The HIV-1…
What are Lectin Conjugates Lectin Conjugates are proteins (building blocks) that bind to cells and specific carbohydrate groups on proteins or cell membrane proteins. They are further divided into classes based on their amino acid sequences and biochemical properties. Lectins have 120 amino acids that are responsible for carbohydrate binding. Lectin is used to study…